GLYX-13 Amazing Molecule
From TED TALK Seattle Jaak Panksepp
If we finally take the emotions of the other animals seriously we will finally understand how we have these feelings of joy and sorrow, anger and sadness. Essentially this molecule is called GLYX-13, it’s a very long story that I don’t have time to share with you here, but it is already in Phase 2 FDA approved human testing, single injection produced antidepressant effects immediately and those effects from the one treatment lasted a week. No psychiatric medicine has yet been developed by human knowledge; so far everything has been discovered by serendipity and chance. Science has only refined the molecules. This may be the first psychiatric medicine to come from human knowledge by taking animal feeling seriously and this has no poisonous properties as far as we can tell, it’s also not addictive.
March 4, 2014 Naurex’s GLYX-13 receives FDA fast track designation. The fast track designation facilitates the development of drugs to treat serious or life‑threatening conditions that have the potential to address unmet medical needs.
J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Sep;30(9):913-21. doi: 10.1177/0269881116645298. Epub 2016 May 4. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of GLYX-13, an NMDA receptor glycine site functional partial agonist, to alleviate the enhanced anxiety and fear response in both a mouse and rat model of stress-induced behavioral changes that might be relevant to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
These results suggest that GLYX-13 exerts a therapeutic effect on PTSD-like stress responding that is accompanied by (or associated with) modulation of the HPA axis, including inhibition of stress hormone levels and upregulation of hippocampal GR expression.
Current Neuropharmacol. 2017 Jan; 15(1): 47–56. Rapastinel was found to be a robust cognitive enhancer in a variety of learning and memory paradigms and shows marked antidepressant-like properties in multiple models.
Rapastinel (GLYX-13) is an NMDA receptor modulator. It is a robust cognitive enhancer and shows rapid and long-lasting antidepressant properties in both animal models and in humans. Rapastinel has significant effects on metaplasticity processes that may help explain the long-lasting antidepressant effects of Rapastinel seen in the human clinical trial results.
May 2017 Neuropsychopharmacology GLYX-13 Produces Rapid Antidepressant Responses with Key Synaptic and Behavioral Effects Distinct from Ketamine. GLYX-13 is a putative NMDA receptor modulator with glycine-site partial agonist properties that produces rapid antidepressant effects but without the psychotomimetic side effects of ketamine.
April 2018 Molecular Neuroscience The present study revealed that GLYX-13 may be a promising drug for deficits in learning and PPI associated with schizophrenia.
In July 2015, Naurex Inc. entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired by Allergan plc. The transaction was successfully closed in August 2015. For more information, please visit www.naurex.com or www.allergan.com.
And then, January 2019 Bioworld Allergan said late Wednesday that Rapastinel as adjunctive therapy missed the primary endpoint in three Phase III trials for the acute treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The company reported that Raasinel is no better than a placebo improving symptoms of the condition. An interim analysis of a fourth trial, in preventing relapses, appeared unlikely to meet its endpoints, either, the company said.
It is noteworthy that the placebo effects are very common in antidepressant trials, often being so strong that the benefits are as strong as those obtained with widely used SSRIs. This partly reflects the fact that everyday mild depressive responses are often self-limiting conditions. In addition, from the present social-brain analysis, anti–depressant benefits are to be expected from placebos, which operate partly through and endogenous opioid release. Positive social interactions release brain opioids, providing positive social feelings, and placebo effects may reflect, in part, the perception that mental health professionals and other significant others are caring about one’s depressive feelings. This perception of care may increase the release of brain opioids, which makes depressed people feel better. In other words, placebo effects and depression reflect, at least in part, the capacity of social support to activate brain opioid systems. Surely, this is also one reason why the affective quality of relationships are so important in the outcome of psychotherapeutic interventions.
Everyday mild depressive responses are often self-limiting conditions. In addition, from the present social-brain analysis, anti–depressant benefits are to be expected from placebos, which operate partly through endogenous opioid release. Positive social interactions release brain opioids, providing positive social feelings, and placebo effects may reflect, in part, the perception that mental health professionals and other significant others are caring about one’s depressive feelings. This perception of care may increase the release of brain opioids, which makes depressed people feel better. In other words, placebo effects and depression reflect, at least in part, the capacity of social support to activate brain opioid systems. Surely, this is also one reason why the affective qualities of relationships are so important in the outcome of psychotherapeutic interventions.
Jaak Panksepp “The Archeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions”
Through many years of lab research with rats and other mammals, Jaak Panksepp discovered seven primal affects that all mammals (including humans) share.
Seven Primary Affect Systems
- SEEKING (expectancy)
- RAGE (anger)
- FEAR (anxiety)
- LUST (sexual excitement)
- CARE (nurturance)
- PANIC/GRIEF (sadness)
- PLAY (social joy)
CAREing (caregiving) generates positive affects that fuel endogenous opioids and oxytocin. Endogenous opioids play a role in all positive social interactions. Both oxytocin and endogenous opioids are soothing “feel-good” chemicals that are known to inhibit aggression and irritability.
Whether the subjects in the study received GLYX-13 or a placebo, they may perceive the clinicians in the study as caregivers. So both groups may be getting a boost of endogenous opioids and oxytocin that could instantly lift depression.
I can hope researchers are aware of this effect and will resume testing this potentially healing molecule.
